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Fifth letter of the alphabet of the Latin alphabet

E
E eastward
(Run across below)
Usage
Writing organisation	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic
Language of origin	Latin language
Phonetic usage	[east] [e̞] [ɛ] [ə] [ɪ~i] [ɘ] [ʲe] [h] (English variations)
Unicode codepoint	U+0045, U+0065
Alphabetical position	5
History
Development	Ε ε ϵ 𐌄 E e
Fourth dimension period	c. 700 BC to present
Descendants	♯ Ə Æ Œ € ℮ Ǝ ∈ ℯ ℇ ℰ ℥ &
Sisters	Е Э Є Ё Ә Һ ה ه ܗ Ɛ Ե ե Է է Ը ը ࠄ 𐎅 Ⲉ
Variations	(Meet below)
Other
Other letters commonly used with	ee
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, come across Assist:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, meet IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

East, or e, is the 5th letter and the second vowel letter of the alphabet in the mod English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is e (pronounced ); plural ees,^[ane] Es or Eastward'due south.^[2] It is the most commonly used alphabetic character in many languages, including Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Latin, Latvian, Norwegian, Castilian, and Swedish. ^{[iii] [4] [5] [6] [7]}

History

Egyptian hieroglyph qʼ	Proto-Sinaitic	Proto-Canaanite hillul	Phoenician He	Etruscan E	Greek Epsilon	Latin/ Cyrillic E

The Latin letter 'E' differs little from its source, the Greek letter epsilon, 'Ε'. This in plough comes from the Semitic alphabetic character hê, which has been suggested to accept started as a praying or calling human being effigy (hillul 'jubilation'), and was nearly probable based on a similar Egyptian hieroglyph that indicated a different pronunciation. In Semitic, the letter represented /h/ (and /e/ in strange words); in Greek, hê became the letter of the alphabet epsilon, used to stand for /e/. The various forms of the Old Italic script and the Latin alphabet followed this usage.

Utilise in writing systems

Pronunciation of the name of the letter of the alphabet ⟨e⟩ in European languages

English

Although Centre English spelling used ⟨east⟩ to represent long and short /east/, the Great Vowel Shift inverse long /eː/ (as in 'me' or 'bee') to /iː/ while short /ɛ/ (every bit in 'met' or 'bed') remained a mid vowel. In other cases, the letter is silent, generally at the end of words like queue.

Other languages

In the orthography of many languages it represents either [e], [e̞], [ɛ], or some variation (such as a nasalized version) of these sounds, often with diacritics (as: ⟨e ê é è ë ē ĕ ě ẽ ė ẹ ę ẻ⟩) to indicate contrasts. Less ordinarily, as in French, High german, or Saanich, ⟨due east⟩ represents a mid-primal vowel /ə/. Digraphs with ⟨east⟩ are common to indicate either diphthongs or monophthongs, such equally ⟨ea⟩ or ⟨ee⟩ for /iː/ or /eɪ/ in English language, ⟨ei⟩ for /aɪ/ in German, and ⟨european union⟩ for /ø/ in French or /ɔɪ/ in German language.

Other systems

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses ⟨due east⟩ for the shut-mid front end unrounded vowel or the mid front unrounded vowel.

About common letter

'Due east' is the most common (or highest-frequency) letter in the English linguistic communication alphabet (starting off the typographer'due south phrase ETAOIN SHRDLU) and several other European languages, which has implications in both cryptography and information pinch. In the story "The Gold-Problems" by Edgar Allan Poe, a character figures out a random character code by remembering that the virtually used letter of the alphabet in English is E. This makes it a hard and pop letter to use when writing lipograms. Ernest Vincent Wright's Gadsby (1939) is considered a "dreadful" novel, and supposedly "at to the lowest degree function of Wright's narrative issues were acquired by linguistic communication limitations imposed by the lack of Due east."^[8] Both Georges Perec's novel A Void (La Disparition) (1969) and its English translation by Gilbert Adair omit 'e' and are considered better works.^[nine]

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

• E with diacritics: Ĕ ĕ Ḝ ḝ Ȇ ȇ Ê ê Ê̄ ê̄ Ê̌ ê̌ Ề ề Ế ế Ể ể Ễ ễ Ệ ệ Ẻ ẻ Ḙ ḙ Ě ě Ɇ ɇ Ė ė Ė́ ė́ Ė̃ ė̃ Ẹ ẹ Ë ë È è È̩ è̩ Ȅ ȅ É é É̩ Ē ē Ḕ ḕ Ḗ ḗ Ẽ ẽ Ḛ ḛ Ę ę Ę́ ę́ Ę̃ ę̃ Ȩ ȩ E̩ e̩ ᶒ^[10]
• ⱸ : E with notch is used in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet^[11]
• Æ æ : Latin AE ligature
• Œ œ : Latin OE ligature
• The umlaut diacritic ¨ used above a vowel letter in German language and other languages to indicate a fronted or front vowel (this sign originated as a superscript e)
• Phonetic alphabet symbols related to E (the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, only capital forms are used in some other writing systems):
  • Ɛ ɛ : Latin letter epsilon / open e, which represents an open-mid front unrounded vowel in the IPA
  • ᶓ : Epsilon / open e with retroflex hook^[10]
  • Ɜ ɜ : Latin letter reversed epsilon / open e, which represents an open-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA
  • ɝ : Latin small letter reversed epsilon / open due east with claw, which represents a rhotacized open-mid central vowel in the IPA
  • ᶔ : Reversed epsilon / open up e with retroflex hook^[10]
  • ᶟ : Modifier letter small-scale reversed epsilon / open e^[10]
  • ɞ : Latin small letter airtight reversed open up e, which represents an open-mid central rounded vowel in IPA (shown every bit ʚ on the 1993 IPA chart)
  • Ə ə : Latin letter schwa, which represents a mid primal vowel in the IPA
  • Ǝ ǝ : Latin letter turned e, which is used in the writing systems of some African languages
  • ɘ : Latin letter reversed e, which represents a shut-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA
• The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet uses various forms of e and epsilon / open e:^[12]
  • U+1D07 ᴇ LATIN Letter of the alphabet Small-scale Majuscule E
  • U+1D08 ᴈ LATIN Minor LETTER TURNED Open E
  • U+1D31 ᴱ MODIFIER LETTER Uppercase East
  • U+1D32 ᴲ MODIFIER Letter of the alphabet CAPITAL REVERSED Due east
  • U+1D49 ᵉ MODIFIER Letter SMALL Eastward
  • U+1D4B ᵋ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL Open East
  • U+1D4C ᵌ MODIFIER Alphabetic character Small TURNED Open up Eastward
  • U+2C7B ⱻ LATIN LETTER Small Uppercase TURNED Due east ^[13]
• _{due east} : Subscript modest e is used in Indo-European studies^[14]
• Teuthonista phonetic transcription system symbols related to E:^[15]
  • U+AB32 ꬲ LATIN SMALL Alphabetic character BLACKLETTER E
  • U+AB33 ꬳ LATIN SMALL Letter of the alphabet BARRED E
  • U+AB34 ꬴ LATIN Small-scale Letter E WITH FLOURISH

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

• 𐤄 : Semitic letter He (letter), from which the following symbols originally derive
  • Ε ε : Greek alphabetic character Epsilon, from which the post-obit symbols originally derive
    • Е е : Cyrillic letter of the alphabet Ye
    • Є є : Ukrainian Ye
    • Э э : Cyrillic letter East
    • Ⲉ ⲉ : Coptic letter Ei
    • 𐌄 : Old Italic E, which is the antecedent of modern Latin E
      • ᛖ : Runic letter Ehwaz, which is possibly a descendant of Old Italic E
    • 𐌴 : Gothic alphabetic character eyz

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

• € : Euro sign.
• ℮ : Estimated sign (used on prepackaged goods for sale within the European Matrimony).
• e : the symbol for the elementary accuse (the electrical accuse carried past a unmarried proton)
• ∃ : existential quantifier in predicate logic. Information technology is read "there exists ... such that".
• ∈ : the symbol for fix membership in fix theory.
• 𝑒 : the base of the natural logarithm.

Lawmaking points

Character data

Preview	Eastward		e
Unicode name	LATIN Majuscule Letter E		LATIN Small Letter E
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	69	U+0045	101	U+0065
UTF-eight	69	45	101	65
Numeric character reference	E	E	e	e
EBCDIC family	197	C5	133	85
ASCII 1	69	45	101	65

ⁱ As well for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

In British Sign Language (BSL), the letter 'eastward' is signed by extending the index finger of the right hand touching the tip of index on the left mitt, with all fingers of left paw open.

Use as a number

In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering system, E is a number that corresponds to the number 14 in decimal (base 10) counting.

References

1. ^ "East" a letter Merriam-Webster'southward 3rd New International Dictionary of the English Entire (1993). Ees is the plural of the name of the letter; the plural of the letter itself is rendered Eastward's, Es, e's, or eastwards.
2. ^ "Due east". Oxford Dictionary of English (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2010. ISBN9780199571123. noun (plural Es or East'southward)
3. ^ Kelk, Brian. "Letter frequencies". Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2022-02-02 .
4. ^ Lewand, Robert. "Relative Frequencies of Letters in General English Plain text". Cryptographical Mathematics. Central College. Archived from the original on 2008-07-08. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
5. ^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Messages in Spanish". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
6. ^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in French". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2008-03-12. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
7. ^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Messages in German". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
8. ^ Ross Eckler, Making the Alphabet Trip the light fantastic: Recreational Word Play. New York: St. Martin'due south Printing (1996): 3
9. ^ Eckler (1996): 3. Perec'southward novel "was so well written that at least some reviewers never realized the existence of a letter constraint."
10. ^ ^{a b c d} Lawman, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add together boosted phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-xi. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
11. ^ Lemonen, Therese; Ruppel, Klaas; Kolehmainen, Erkki I.; Sandström, Caroline (2006-01-26). "L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
12. ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-xx). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
13. ^ Ruppel, Klaas; Rueter, Jack; Kolehmainen, Erkki I. (2006-04-07). "L2/06-215: Proposal for Encoding 3 Boosted Characters of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
14. ^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (2004-06-07). "L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-ten-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
15. ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .

External links

jonesforienionly.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E

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